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the desire to succeed

  • 1 succeed

    sək'si:d
    1) (to manage to do what one is trying to do; to achieve one's aim or purpose: He succeeded in persuading her to do it; He's happy to have succeeded in his chosen career; She tried three times to pass her driving-test, and at last succeeded; Our new teaching methods seem to be succeeding.) conseguir; triunfar, tener éxito (en)
    2) (to follow next in order, and take the place of someone or something else: He succeeded his father as manager of the firm / as king; The cold summer was succeeded by a stormy autumn; If the duke has no children, who will succeed to (= inherit) his property?) suceder; sucederse
    - successful
    - successfully
    - succession
    - successive
    - successively
    - successor
    - in succession

    1. tener éxito / triunfar
    2. conseguir / lograr
    after several attempts, he succeeded in reaching the South Pole después de varios intentos, consiguió llegar al Polo Sur
    tr[sək'siːd]
    1 (be successful - person) tener éxito, triunfar; (- plan, marriage) salir bien; (- strike) surtir efecto, dar resultado
    2 (manage) lograr, conseguir
    3 (throne) subir (to, a); (title) heredar (to, -)
    1 (take place of) suceder a
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    if at first you don't succeed, try, try, try again el que la sigue la consigue
    to succeed in life triunfar en la vida
    succeed [sək'si:d] vt
    follow: suceder a
    : tener éxito (dícese de las personas), dar resultado (dícese de los planes, etc.)
    she succeeded in finishing: logró terminar
    v.
    acertar v.
    salir bien v.
    suceder v.
    suceder a una persona v.
    tener éxito v.
    topar v.
    sək'siːd
    1.
    1) ( have success) \<\<plan\>\> dar* resultado, surtir efecto; \<\<person\>\>

    she tried to persuade him, but did not succeed — intentó convencerlo pero no lo consiguió or no lo logró

    to succeed IN something/-ING: he's succeeded in all that he's done ha tenido éxito en todo lo que ha hecho; to succeed in life triunfar en la vida; he finally succeeded in passing the exam al final logró aprobar el examen; you'll only succeed in making matters worse sólo conseguirás empeorar las cosas; if at first you don't succeed, try, try again — el que la sigue la consigue

    2)

    to succeed (TO something): he succeeded to the throne subió al trono; to succeed to a title — heredar un título


    2.
    vt suceder

    who succeeded him? — ¿quién lo sucedió?, ¿quién fue su sucesor?

    [sǝk'siːd]
    1. VI
    1) [person]
    a) (in business, career) tener éxito, triunfar (in en)

    he succeeded in businesstuvo éxito or triunfó en los negocios

    b) (in task, aim)

    to succeed in doing sth — conseguir hacer algo, lograr hacer algo

    they succeeded in finishing the jobconsiguieron or lograron terminar el trabajo

    I finally succeeded in getting him out of the roompor fin conseguí or logré que saliera de la habitación

    c) (=take over)

    if she dies, who will succeed? — si muere, ¿quién la sucederá?

    2) [thing]
    a) (=work) [plan, strategy, experiment] dar resultado, salir bien

    had the plan succeeded, our lives might have been very different — si el plan hubiera dado resultado or salido bien, nuestras vidas podrían haber sido muy distintas

    b) (=do well) [business] prosperar; [film] tener éxito
    2.
    VT (=follow) suceder a

    on his death, his eldest son succeeded him — a su muerte, su hijo mayor lo sucedió

    * * *
    [sək'siːd]
    1.
    1) ( have success) \<\<plan\>\> dar* resultado, surtir efecto; \<\<person\>\>

    she tried to persuade him, but did not succeed — intentó convencerlo pero no lo consiguió or no lo logró

    to succeed IN something/-ING: he's succeeded in all that he's done ha tenido éxito en todo lo que ha hecho; to succeed in life triunfar en la vida; he finally succeeded in passing the exam al final logró aprobar el examen; you'll only succeed in making matters worse sólo conseguirás empeorar las cosas; if at first you don't succeed, try, try again — el que la sigue la consigue

    2)

    to succeed (TO something): he succeeded to the throne subió al trono; to succeed to a title — heredar un título


    2.
    vt suceder

    who succeeded him? — ¿quién lo sucedió?, ¿quién fue su sucesor?

    English-spanish dictionary > succeed

  • 2 desire

    مَرَام \ desire: a strong wish: He has a strong desire to succeed. objective: sth. that one aims to do or to reach: The navy’s objective was to sink as many enemy warships as possible. wish: an expressed desire; what one wants to be done: He acted against my wishes (He did what I asked him not to do). \ See Also رغبة (رَغْبَة)‏

    Arabic-English glossary > desire

  • 3 désir

    désir [deziʀ]
    masculine noun
       a. ( = souhait) wish ( de qch for sth)
       b. ( = convoitise, sensualité) desire ( de qch for sth)
    * * *
    deziʀ
    nom masculin
    1) ( souhait) desire (de for; de faire to do)

    désirs du défunt/public — wishes of the deceased/public

    2) ( attirance sexuelle) desire
    * * *
    deziʀ nm
    1) (= expression d'un souhait) wish, (plus fort, formel) desire

    Vos désirs sont des ordres. — Your wish is my command.

    2) (= ambition) desire
    3) (sensuel) desire

    Ses yeux brillaient de désir. — Her eyes were shining with desire.

    * * *
    désir nm
    1 ( souhait) desire (de for; de faire to do); désir compréhensible/naturel understandable/natural desire; désir d'indépendance du gouvernement government's desire for independence; désirs du défunt/public wishes of the deceased/public; vos désirs sont des ordres your wish is my command; prendre ses désirs pour des réalités to delude oneself;
    2 ( attirance sexuelle) desire.
    [dezir] nom masculin
    1. [aspiration] want, wish, desire
    [souhait exprimé] wish
    2. [motivation] desire, drive
    3. [appétit sexuel] desire
    a. [personne] consumed with desire
    b. [regard] lustful

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > désir

  • 4 desenfrenado

    adj.
    wild, unchecked, uncontrolled, unrestrained.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: desenfrenar.
    * * *
    1→ link=desenfrenar desenfrenar
    1 (gen) frantic, uncontrolled, wild
    2 (pasiones, vicios) unbridled, uncontrolled
    * * *
    ADJ [persona] wild, uncontrolled; [apetito, pasiones] unbridled
    * * *
    - da adjetivo < pasión> unbridled; <baile/ritmo> frenzied

    sus ansias desenfrenadas de éxitohis intense o burning desire to succeed

    * * *
    = headlong, unrestrained, rampant, wild [wilder -comp., wildest -sup.], raging, unbridled, on the loose, runaway, roistering, frenzied, fast and furious.
    Ex. Neither was there doubt that SLIS should adapt their programmes accordingly but, equally, too headlong a rush into the unknown posed dangers.
    Ex. 'Hello, Tom!' said the director, greeting him enthusiastically, as he rounded his desk to shake hands, which he did with unrestrained ardor.
    Ex. And so, the public library was conceived as a deterrent to irresponsibility, intemperance, and rampant democracy.
    Ex. The letter sent Tomas Hernandez into a frenzy of conflicting reactions: ecstatic jubilation and ego-tripping, wild speculation and outrageous fantasy, compounded by confusion and indirection.
    Ex. This problem is unlikely to be solved during a period of raging inflation and cutbacks in education spending = Es poco probable que este problema se resuelva durante un período de inflación disparada y recortes en los gastos en la educación.
    Ex. Unbridled photocopying will lead to the imminent demise of the communications skein.
    Ex. The article 'Librarians on the loose' reports on visits to foreign libraries by several Zimbabwe librarians.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'How to control a runaway state documents collection'.
    Ex. Morris writes rhapsodically about celebrity-studded parties, roistering interludes with major writers and artists, as well as gossip-column habitues.
    Ex. There was a frenzied last-minute rush by Indians to do their bit to see the Taj Mahal through to the elite list of the new Seven Wonders of the World.
    Ex. The pace was fast and furious and the noise was non-stop.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo < pasión> unbridled; <baile/ritmo> frenzied

    sus ansias desenfrenadas de éxitohis intense o burning desire to succeed

    * * *
    = headlong, unrestrained, rampant, wild [wilder -comp., wildest -sup.], raging, unbridled, on the loose, runaway, roistering, frenzied, fast and furious.

    Ex: Neither was there doubt that SLIS should adapt their programmes accordingly but, equally, too headlong a rush into the unknown posed dangers.

    Ex: 'Hello, Tom!' said the director, greeting him enthusiastically, as he rounded his desk to shake hands, which he did with unrestrained ardor.
    Ex: And so, the public library was conceived as a deterrent to irresponsibility, intemperance, and rampant democracy.
    Ex: The letter sent Tomas Hernandez into a frenzy of conflicting reactions: ecstatic jubilation and ego-tripping, wild speculation and outrageous fantasy, compounded by confusion and indirection.
    Ex: This problem is unlikely to be solved during a period of raging inflation and cutbacks in education spending = Es poco probable que este problema se resuelva durante un período de inflación disparada y recortes en los gastos en la educación.
    Ex: Unbridled photocopying will lead to the imminent demise of the communications skein.
    Ex: The article 'Librarians on the loose' reports on visits to foreign libraries by several Zimbabwe librarians.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'How to control a runaway state documents collection'.
    Ex: Morris writes rhapsodically about celebrity-studded parties, roistering interludes with major writers and artists, as well as gossip-column habitues.
    Ex: There was a frenzied last-minute rush by Indians to do their bit to see the Taj Mahal through to the elite list of the new Seven Wonders of the World.
    Ex: The pace was fast and furious and the noise was non-stop.

    * * *
    ‹apetito› insatiable; ‹pasión› unbridled; ‹baile/ritmo› frenzied; ‹odio› violent, intense
    viven a un ritmo desenfrenado they live at a hectic o frenzied pace
    sus ansias desenfrenadas de éxito his intense o burning desire to succeed
    * * *

    Del verbo desenfrenar: ( conjugate desenfrenar)

    desenfrenado es:

    el participio

    desenfrenado,-a adj (ritmo, etc) frantic, uncontrolled
    (vicio, pasión) unbridled
    ' desenfrenado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    desenfrenada
    English:
    mad
    - rampant
    - riotous
    - unrestrained
    - wild
    - unbridled
    * * *
    desenfrenado, -a adj
    [ritmo, baile, carrera] frantic, frenzied; [fiesta, juerga, diversión] wild; [vida] wild, riotous; [comportamiento] uncontrolled; [deseo, pasión, entusiasmo] unbridled; [apetito] insatiable;
    el público bailaba desenfrenado the audience were dancing in a frenzy
    * * *
    adj frenzied, hectic
    * * *
    desenfrenado, -da adj
    : unbridled, unrestrained

    Spanish-English dictionary > desenfrenado

  • 5 desiderio

    m (pl -ri) wish (di for)
    intenso longing (di for)
    sessuale desire (di for)
    * * *
    desiderio s.m.
    1 wish; desire; ( brama) desire, longing (for s.o., sthg.), craving (for sthg.), hunger (for sthg.), thirst, yearning (for o after sthg.): desiderio di viaggiare, desire (o longing) to travel; desiderio di riposo, desire for rest; ardente desiderio di riuscire, burning desire to succeed; gran desiderio di piacere, anxiety to please; secondo il desiderio di mio padre, at (o according to) my father's wish; non ho alcun desiderio di partire, I have no wish to leave // accondiscendere a un desiderio, to grant a request; appagare i desideri di qlcu., to satisfy s.o.'s wishes; compiacere ai desideri di qlcu., to comply with s.o.'s wishes; esprimere il desiderio di fare qlco., to express a wish to do sthg.; provare desiderio di fare qlco., to feel the desire to do sthg.; provo un gran desiderio di vederti, I really want to see you (o I'm longing to see you) // pio desiderio, wishful thinking (o vain hopes): le vacanze rimangono per ora un pio desiderio, a holiday is just wishful thinking at the moment
    2 ( voglia sessuale) desire, lust: peccato di desiderio, sin of lust.
    * * *
    pl. -ri [desi'dɛrjo, ri] sostantivo maschile
    1) wish, desire (di for; di fare to do)
    2) (sessuale) lust, urge
    * * *
    desiderio
    pl. -ri /desi'dεrjo, ri/
    sostantivo m.
     1 wish, desire (di for; di fare to do); esprimere un desiderio to make a wish; pio desiderio wishful thinking
     2 (sessuale) lust, urge; ardere dal desiderio to be burning with desire.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > desiderio

  • 6 תאוה

    תַּאֲוָהf. (b. h.; תָּאֵו, v. אָוָה I) desire, appetite. Midr. Till. to Ps. 120 עושה תַאֲוַת נפשו לשעה he satisfies the lust of his soul for the moment; עושה תַאֲוָתוֹ לשעה. Erub.54a (ref. to Ps. 21:3) זכה תאות לבווכ׳ if he is worthy, thou grantest him the desire of his heart (without prayer), if he is not worthy, thou refusest him not the prayer of his lips. Sot.47a תאותו מיהאוכ׳ his desire at least was to curse. Pirké dR. El. ch. XXXVII לא עלתה בידו תאותו he did not succeed in doing what he had desired to do. Tosef.Ber.V, 1; Y.Pes.X, beg.37b בת׳ with an appetite for food, v. תָּאֵב; (Bab. ib. 99b כשהוא ת׳, v. תָּאֵב); Y.Succ.II, 53a bot.; a. fr.בשר ת׳, v. בָּשָׂר.Esp. sexual desire. Y.Meg.IV, 75a מכניס אהבה ומוציא ת׳ it (garlic) causes love to enter, and the sexual desire to come forth. Lev. R. s. 18; Koh. R. to XII, 5 (ref. to אביונה, ib.) זו הת׳ this means the sexual desire. Gen. R. s. 85 מלאך … הת׳ the angel that is appointed over marital life. Ab. IV, 21 הקנאה והת׳וכ׳ envy, voluptuousness, and ambition take man away from this world (accelerate his death); a. fr.

    Jewish literature > תאוה

  • 7 תַּאֲוָה

    תַּאֲוָהf. (b. h.; תָּאֵו, v. אָוָה I) desire, appetite. Midr. Till. to Ps. 120 עושה תַאֲוַת נפשו לשעה he satisfies the lust of his soul for the moment; עושה תַאֲוָתוֹ לשעה. Erub.54a (ref. to Ps. 21:3) זכה תאות לבווכ׳ if he is worthy, thou grantest him the desire of his heart (without prayer), if he is not worthy, thou refusest him not the prayer of his lips. Sot.47a תאותו מיהאוכ׳ his desire at least was to curse. Pirké dR. El. ch. XXXVII לא עלתה בידו תאותו he did not succeed in doing what he had desired to do. Tosef.Ber.V, 1; Y.Pes.X, beg.37b בת׳ with an appetite for food, v. תָּאֵב; (Bab. ib. 99b כשהוא ת׳, v. תָּאֵב); Y.Succ.II, 53a bot.; a. fr.בשר ת׳, v. בָּשָׂר.Esp. sexual desire. Y.Meg.IV, 75a מכניס אהבה ומוציא ת׳ it (garlic) causes love to enter, and the sexual desire to come forth. Lev. R. s. 18; Koh. R. to XII, 5 (ref. to אביונה, ib.) זו הת׳ this means the sexual desire. Gen. R. s. 85 מלאך … הת׳ the angel that is appointed over marital life. Ab. IV, 21 הקנאה והת׳וכ׳ envy, voluptuousness, and ambition take man away from this world (accelerate his death); a. fr.

    Jewish literature > תַּאֲוָה

  • 8 رغبة

    رَغْبَة \ appetite: desire for food. desire: a strong wish: He has a strong desire to succeed. interest: a desire to know about sth.; eager attention; concern: He takes no interest in sport. He has lost interest in it. wish: an expressed desire; what one wants to be done: He acted against my wishes (He did what I asked him not to do), a secret desire My wish was fulfilled, desire; intention I have no wish to hurt you. \ رَغْبَة جامِحة \ thirst: any strong desire: a keen student’s thirst for knowledge. \ رَغْبَة طارئة \ impulse: desire to act at once, often without thought: It is risky to buy a car on impulse, without examining it carefully. She felt happy and had an impulse to sing in the office. \ رَغْبَة عَن \ reluctance: unwillingness. \ رَغْبَةً في الإيجاز \ for short: as a short way of saying sth.: His name is Christopher, but we call him Chris for short. \ رَغْبَة لِعَمَل شيء \ willingness: readiness (to help). \ رَغْبَة مكْبُوتة \ inhibition: being inhibited; feeling that something cannot be done: She loses her inhibitions when she is with people she knows well.

    Arabic-English dictionary > رغبة

  • 9 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 10 ambition

    noun
    Ehrgeiz, der; (aspiration) Ambition, die
    * * *
    [æm'biʃən]
    1) (the desire for success, fame, power etc: He is full of ambition and energy.) der Ehrgeiz
    2) (the desire eventually to become or do something special: His ambition is to be Prime Minister.) die Ambition
    - academic.ru/2060/ambitious">ambitious
    - ambitiously
    - ambitiousness
    * * *
    am·bi·tion
    [æmˈbɪʃən]
    n
    1. no pl (wish to succeed) Ehrgeiz m
    a lack of \ambition mangelnder Ehrgeiz
    2. (aim) Ambition[en] f[pl], [angestrebtes] Ziel
    the leaders of both parties have presidential \ambitions die Führer beider Parteien streben die Präsidentschaft an
    sb's life's \ambition jds Lebenstraum
    burning \ambition brennender Wunsch
    territorial \ambition territoriales Ziel
    * * *
    [m'bISən]
    n
    1) (= desire) Ambition f

    she has ambitions in that direction/for her son — sie hat Ambitionen in dieser Richtung/ehrgeizige Pläne für ihren Sohn

    my one or big ambition in life is... — meine große Ambition ist es,...

    my ambition is to become prime minister/to fly to the moon — es ist mein Ehrgeiz or Ziel or meine Ambition, Premierminister zu werden/zum Mond zu reisen

    it was never my ambition to take over your jobes war nie mein Bestreben or meine Absicht, Ihre Stelle zu übernehmen

    2) (= ambitious nature) Ehrgeiz m
    * * *
    ambition [æmˈbıʃn] s
    1. Ehrgeiz m
    2. Ambition f:
    it was his ambition to do his doctorate es war sein Ehrgeiz oder sein Ziel zu promovieren
    * * *
    noun
    Ehrgeiz, der; (aspiration) Ambition, die
    * * *
    n.
    Ambition -en f.
    Ehrgeiz m.

    English-german dictionary > ambition

  • 11 זכי

    זכי, זָכָה(b. h.; cmp. זָךְ) (to be pure, clear, 1) to be acquitted, be right. B. Mets. 107b זוֹכֵה בדין he will be successful in his plea before court. Ber.7b זוכה בדין (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note) he will be found righteous in Divine judgment; a. fr. 2) to be found worthy of, to be privileged, to succeed. Ib. I, 5 ולא זָכִיתִיוכ׳ I did not succeed (in proving) that Ib. 5b לא … זוכה לשתיוכ׳ not every one is privileged to enjoy two tables (this world and the hereafter). Ḥag.5b תִּזְכּוּ להקבילוכ׳ you will be privileged to receive Pes.19a זָכִינוּ שאיןוכ׳ it was a good thing for us that Erub.54a ז׳ תאווהוכ׳, if one is favored, ‘thou givest him the desire of his heart (without prayer), if less favored Yeb.63a, v. נֶגֶד; a. fr. 3) to take possession, have authority; to own (cmp. קָנָה); to gain, obtain a privilege. B. Mets.I, 3 אני זָכִיתִי בה I took possession of it for myself; ז׳ בה it is his. Ib. 4 זה שהחזיק בה ז׳ בה the one that took a hold of it, is the legitimate owner. Ib. זָכְתָה לי שדי my field (in which the object lies) has taken possession for me. Y.Kidd.I, 60a top הראוי לִזְכּוֹתע״י עצמווכ׳ he who is legally qualified to acquire ownership through his own act, can obtain ownership through another person.Erub.VII, 11 (81b), a. fr. זָכִין לאדם שלא בפניו you may obtain a privilege in behalf of a person in his absence, but you cannot act in his behalf to his disadvantage; a. fr. 4) (v. Pi.) to benefit another person by ones own merit, to transfer blessing Eduy. II, 9 האב זוֹכֶה לבןוכ׳ a (good) father transmits to his son the benefits of beauty Tosef. ib. I, 14 עד הפרק זוכה לו up to the age of majority the fathers merit stands by him, מכאן ואילך זוכה לעצמו after that he lives on his own merits. 5) to deserve well of, be of service to. Lev. R. s. 34 (ref. to Ps. 41:2) הוי … היאד לִזְכּוֹת עמו reflect well how to be of real service to him. Ib. לזכות בו to deserve divine reward through him. Ib. שיהו זָכִין אלו לאלו that they may deserve well of each other (the poor being the instrumentality of bliss to the giver); a. fr. Pi. זִכָּה, זִיכָּ׳ 1) to acquit, to argue or vote for acquittal. Erub.19a יפה זִבִּיתָוכ׳ thou wast right in acquitting, in condemning. Snh.III, 5 שנים מְזַכִּין if two vote for acquittal; a. fr. 2) to obtain a privilege for, take possession in behalf of; to transfer, make an assignment to. Y. Kidd. l. c. זה זי׳ לבן דעת the one obtained a privilege for a rational being. B. Bath.VIII, 6 זי׳ בה לאחר if in his will (found on his body) he made an assignment to somebody else (as executor); a. fr. 3) to transfer divine favor, to exercise a protecting influence on. Snh.111a מְזַכֶּה את כלוכ׳ protects the entire town. Yoma 87a לא דיין שזיכין לעצטן אלא שמְזַכִּיןוכ׳ Ms. M. not only do they obtain divine grace for themselves, but they also transfer the same on their children ; a. fr. 4) to lead to righteousness, to convert, make better, purer. Ib.; Ab. V, 18, a. e. כל המזכה אתוכ׳ whoever causes a community to do good. Macc.III, 16 רצההקב״ה לזַכּותוכ׳, the Lord desired to make Israel pure; a. fr. Hithpa. הִזִדַּכֶּה, Nithpa. נִזְדַּכֶּה 1) to he acquitted, to be found not guilty. Snh.30a מדבדיהם נז׳ פליני the defendant has been acquitted by their (the courts) verdict. Y. ib. V, 22d top ובאיזו מִזְדַּכֶּה פוטרין אותו and on which-soever (of the two counts) he is found not guilty, he is acquitted; a. fr. 2) to have favorable evidence or argument offered. Ib. 23a נ׳ מפי עצמו if the defendant himself offers Ib. הרישנ׳ מפי עצמו (read מפי עדו).

    Jewish literature > זכי

  • 12 זכה

    זכי, זָכָה(b. h.; cmp. זָךְ) (to be pure, clear, 1) to be acquitted, be right. B. Mets. 107b זוֹכֵה בדין he will be successful in his plea before court. Ber.7b זוכה בדין (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note) he will be found righteous in Divine judgment; a. fr. 2) to be found worthy of, to be privileged, to succeed. Ib. I, 5 ולא זָכִיתִיוכ׳ I did not succeed (in proving) that Ib. 5b לא … זוכה לשתיוכ׳ not every one is privileged to enjoy two tables (this world and the hereafter). Ḥag.5b תִּזְכּוּ להקבילוכ׳ you will be privileged to receive Pes.19a זָכִינוּ שאיןוכ׳ it was a good thing for us that Erub.54a ז׳ תאווהוכ׳, if one is favored, ‘thou givest him the desire of his heart (without prayer), if less favored Yeb.63a, v. נֶגֶד; a. fr. 3) to take possession, have authority; to own (cmp. קָנָה); to gain, obtain a privilege. B. Mets.I, 3 אני זָכִיתִי בה I took possession of it for myself; ז׳ בה it is his. Ib. 4 זה שהחזיק בה ז׳ בה the one that took a hold of it, is the legitimate owner. Ib. זָכְתָה לי שדי my field (in which the object lies) has taken possession for me. Y.Kidd.I, 60a top הראוי לִזְכּוֹתע״י עצמווכ׳ he who is legally qualified to acquire ownership through his own act, can obtain ownership through another person.Erub.VII, 11 (81b), a. fr. זָכִין לאדם שלא בפניו you may obtain a privilege in behalf of a person in his absence, but you cannot act in his behalf to his disadvantage; a. fr. 4) (v. Pi.) to benefit another person by ones own merit, to transfer blessing Eduy. II, 9 האב זוֹכֶה לבןוכ׳ a (good) father transmits to his son the benefits of beauty Tosef. ib. I, 14 עד הפרק זוכה לו up to the age of majority the fathers merit stands by him, מכאן ואילך זוכה לעצמו after that he lives on his own merits. 5) to deserve well of, be of service to. Lev. R. s. 34 (ref. to Ps. 41:2) הוי … היאד לִזְכּוֹת עמו reflect well how to be of real service to him. Ib. לזכות בו to deserve divine reward through him. Ib. שיהו זָכִין אלו לאלו that they may deserve well of each other (the poor being the instrumentality of bliss to the giver); a. fr. Pi. זִכָּה, זִיכָּ׳ 1) to acquit, to argue or vote for acquittal. Erub.19a יפה זִבִּיתָוכ׳ thou wast right in acquitting, in condemning. Snh.III, 5 שנים מְזַכִּין if two vote for acquittal; a. fr. 2) to obtain a privilege for, take possession in behalf of; to transfer, make an assignment to. Y. Kidd. l. c. זה זי׳ לבן דעת the one obtained a privilege for a rational being. B. Bath.VIII, 6 זי׳ בה לאחר if in his will (found on his body) he made an assignment to somebody else (as executor); a. fr. 3) to transfer divine favor, to exercise a protecting influence on. Snh.111a מְזַכֶּה את כלוכ׳ protects the entire town. Yoma 87a לא דיין שזיכין לעצטן אלא שמְזַכִּיןוכ׳ Ms. M. not only do they obtain divine grace for themselves, but they also transfer the same on their children ; a. fr. 4) to lead to righteousness, to convert, make better, purer. Ib.; Ab. V, 18, a. e. כל המזכה אתוכ׳ whoever causes a community to do good. Macc.III, 16 רצההקב״ה לזַכּותוכ׳, the Lord desired to make Israel pure; a. fr. Hithpa. הִזִדַּכֶּה, Nithpa. נִזְדַּכֶּה 1) to he acquitted, to be found not guilty. Snh.30a מדבדיהם נז׳ פליני the defendant has been acquitted by their (the courts) verdict. Y. ib. V, 22d top ובאיזו מִזְדַּכֶּה פוטרין אותו and on which-soever (of the two counts) he is found not guilty, he is acquitted; a. fr. 2) to have favorable evidence or argument offered. Ib. 23a נ׳ מפי עצמו if the defendant himself offers Ib. הרישנ׳ מפי עצמו (read מפי עדו).

    Jewish literature > זכה

  • 13 זָכָה

    זכי, זָכָה(b. h.; cmp. זָךְ) (to be pure, clear, 1) to be acquitted, be right. B. Mets. 107b זוֹכֵה בדין he will be successful in his plea before court. Ber.7b זוכה בדין (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note) he will be found righteous in Divine judgment; a. fr. 2) to be found worthy of, to be privileged, to succeed. Ib. I, 5 ולא זָכִיתִיוכ׳ I did not succeed (in proving) that Ib. 5b לא … זוכה לשתיוכ׳ not every one is privileged to enjoy two tables (this world and the hereafter). Ḥag.5b תִּזְכּוּ להקבילוכ׳ you will be privileged to receive Pes.19a זָכִינוּ שאיןוכ׳ it was a good thing for us that Erub.54a ז׳ תאווהוכ׳, if one is favored, ‘thou givest him the desire of his heart (without prayer), if less favored Yeb.63a, v. נֶגֶד; a. fr. 3) to take possession, have authority; to own (cmp. קָנָה); to gain, obtain a privilege. B. Mets.I, 3 אני זָכִיתִי בה I took possession of it for myself; ז׳ בה it is his. Ib. 4 זה שהחזיק בה ז׳ בה the one that took a hold of it, is the legitimate owner. Ib. זָכְתָה לי שדי my field (in which the object lies) has taken possession for me. Y.Kidd.I, 60a top הראוי לִזְכּוֹתע״י עצמווכ׳ he who is legally qualified to acquire ownership through his own act, can obtain ownership through another person.Erub.VII, 11 (81b), a. fr. זָכִין לאדם שלא בפניו you may obtain a privilege in behalf of a person in his absence, but you cannot act in his behalf to his disadvantage; a. fr. 4) (v. Pi.) to benefit another person by ones own merit, to transfer blessing Eduy. II, 9 האב זוֹכֶה לבןוכ׳ a (good) father transmits to his son the benefits of beauty Tosef. ib. I, 14 עד הפרק זוכה לו up to the age of majority the fathers merit stands by him, מכאן ואילך זוכה לעצמו after that he lives on his own merits. 5) to deserve well of, be of service to. Lev. R. s. 34 (ref. to Ps. 41:2) הוי … היאד לִזְכּוֹת עמו reflect well how to be of real service to him. Ib. לזכות בו to deserve divine reward through him. Ib. שיהו זָכִין אלו לאלו that they may deserve well of each other (the poor being the instrumentality of bliss to the giver); a. fr. Pi. זִכָּה, זִיכָּ׳ 1) to acquit, to argue or vote for acquittal. Erub.19a יפה זִבִּיתָוכ׳ thou wast right in acquitting, in condemning. Snh.III, 5 שנים מְזַכִּין if two vote for acquittal; a. fr. 2) to obtain a privilege for, take possession in behalf of; to transfer, make an assignment to. Y. Kidd. l. c. זה זי׳ לבן דעת the one obtained a privilege for a rational being. B. Bath.VIII, 6 זי׳ בה לאחר if in his will (found on his body) he made an assignment to somebody else (as executor); a. fr. 3) to transfer divine favor, to exercise a protecting influence on. Snh.111a מְזַכֶּה את כלוכ׳ protects the entire town. Yoma 87a לא דיין שזיכין לעצטן אלא שמְזַכִּיןוכ׳ Ms. M. not only do they obtain divine grace for themselves, but they also transfer the same on their children ; a. fr. 4) to lead to righteousness, to convert, make better, purer. Ib.; Ab. V, 18, a. e. כל המזכה אתוכ׳ whoever causes a community to do good. Macc.III, 16 רצההקב״ה לזַכּותוכ׳, the Lord desired to make Israel pure; a. fr. Hithpa. הִזִדַּכֶּה, Nithpa. נִזְדַּכֶּה 1) to he acquitted, to be found not guilty. Snh.30a מדבדיהם נז׳ פליני the defendant has been acquitted by their (the courts) verdict. Y. ib. V, 22d top ובאיזו מִזְדַּכֶּה פוטרין אותו and on which-soever (of the two counts) he is found not guilty, he is acquitted; a. fr. 2) to have favorable evidence or argument offered. Ib. 23a נ׳ מפי עצמו if the defendant himself offers Ib. הרישנ׳ מפי עצמו (read מפי עדו).

    Jewish literature > זָכָה

  • 14 مرام

    مَرَام \ desire: a strong wish: He has a strong desire to succeed. objective: sth. that one aims to do or to reach: The navy’s objective was to sink as many enemy warships as possible. wish: an expressed desire; what one wants to be done: He acted against my wishes (He did what I asked him not to do). \ See Also رغبة (رَغْبَة)‏

    Arabic-English dictionary > مرام

  • 15 objective

    مَرَام \ desire: a strong wish: He has a strong desire to succeed. objective: sth. that one aims to do or to reach: The navy’s objective was to sink as many enemy warships as possible. wish: an expressed desire; what one wants to be done: He acted against my wishes (He did what I asked him not to do). \ See Also رغبة (رَغْبَة)‏

    Arabic-English glossary > objective

  • 16 wish

    مَرَام \ desire: a strong wish: He has a strong desire to succeed. objective: sth. that one aims to do or to reach: The navy’s objective was to sink as many enemy warships as possible. wish: an expressed desire; what one wants to be done: He acted against my wishes (He did what I asked him not to do). \ See Also رغبة (رَغْبَة)‏

    Arabic-English glossary > wish

  • 17 fanikiwa

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -fanikiwa
    [English Word] be successful
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Derived Word] fanaka n
    [Swahili Definition] kupata jambo unalolitaka au unalolihitaji [Masomo 207]; kushinda [Masomo 239]; kufaulu
    [Swahili Example] TANU na ASP zikawa zimefanikiwa kuomboa Tanzania [Masomo 207]; sioni kama kuna tamaa ya kufanikiwa [Chacha, Masomo 381]
    [English Example] TANU and the ASP had been successful in liberating Tanzania; I don't see if there is a desire to succeed.
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -fanikiwa
    [English Word] prosper
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Derived Word] fanaka n
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    Swahili-english dictionary > fanikiwa

  • 18 successful

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] be successful
    [Swahili Word] bariki
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] be successful
    [Swahili Word] -la mibwanda
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] be successful
    [Swahili Word] -diriki
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] be successful
    [Swahili Word] -fanikiwa
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Derived Word] fanaka n
    [Swahili Definition] kupata jambo unalolitaka au unalolihitaji [Masomo 207]; kushinda [Masomo 239]; kufaulu
    [English Example] TANU and the ASP had been successful in liberating Tanzania; I don't see if there is a desire to succeed.
    [Swahili Example] TANU na ASP zikawa zimefanikiwa kuomboa Tanzania [Masomo 207]; sioni kama kuna tamaa ya kufanikiwa [Chacha, Masomo 381]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] be successful
    [Swahili Word] -fora
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] be successful
    [Swahili Word] -fuzu
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Derived Language] Arabic
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] be successful
    [Swahili Word] -meta
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Derived Word] kimeta N
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] be successful
    [Swahili Word] -nafaika
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Derived Word] nafuu
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] be successful
    [Swahili Word] -nufaika
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Derived Word] nafuu
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] be successful
    [Swahili Word] -nufaika
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Derived Word] nafuu N
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] be successful
    [Swahili Word] -ondokea
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Derived Word] ondoa V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] be successful
    [Swahili Word] -ongoa
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] be successful
    [Swahili Word] -sitawi
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Derived Word] usitawi N
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] be successful
    [Swahili Word] -stakimu
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] be successful
    [Swahili Word] -stawi
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Derived Word] usitawi N
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] be successful
    [Swahili Word] -tadaraki
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] make successful
    [Swahili Word] -nufaishana
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] successful
    [Swahili Word] fani
    [Part of Speech] adjective
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] successful
    [Swahili Word] heri a heri
    [Part of Speech] adjective
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] successful
    [Swahili Word] ongofu
    [Part of Speech] adjective
    [Derived Word] ongoa
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    English-Swahili dictionary > successful

  • 19 will

    I 1.
    [wɪl]transitive verb, only in pres. will, neg. (coll.) won't [wəʊnt], past would [wʊd], neg. (coll.) wouldn't [wʊdnt]
    1) (consent to) wollen

    They won't help me. Will/Would you? — Sie wollen mir nicht helfen. Bist du bereit?

    you will help her, won't you? — du hilfst ihr doch od. du wirst ihr doch helfen, nicht wahr?

    will/would you pass the salt, please? — gibst du bitte mal das Salz rüber?/würdest du bitte mal das Salz rübergeben?

    will/would you come in? — kommen Sie doch herein

    now just listen, will you! — jetzt hör/hört gefälligst zu!

    will you be quiet! — willst du/wollt ihr wohl ruhig sein!

    2) (be accustomed to) pflegen

    he will sit there hour after hourer pflegt dort stundenlang zu sitzen; (emphatic)

    children 'will make a noise — Kinder machen [eben] Lärm

    ..., as young people 'will —..., wie alle jungen Leute [es tun]

    he 'will insist on doing it — er besteht unbedingt darauf, es zu tun

    3) (wish) wollen

    will you have some more cake?möchtest od. willst du noch etwas Kuchen?

    do as/what you will — mach, was du willst

    call it what [ever] you will — nenn es, wie du willst

    would to God that... — wollte Gott, dass...

    4) (be able to)

    the box will hold 5 lb. of tea — in die Kiste gehen 5 Pfund Tee

    2. auxiliary verb, forms as
    I
    1) expr. simple future werden

    this time tomorrow he will be in Oxfordmorgen um diese Zeit ist er in Oxford

    one more cherry, and I will have eaten a pound — noch eine Kirsche und ich habe ein Pfund gegessen

    2) expr. intention

    I promise I won't do it again — ich verspreche, ich machs nicht noch mal

    You won't do that, will you? - Oh yes, I will! — Du machst es doch nicht, oder? - Doch[, ich machs]!

    will do(coll.) wird gemacht; mach ich (ugs.)

    3) in conditional clause

    if he tried, he would succeed — wenn er es versuchen würde, würde er es schaffen

    he would like/would have liked to see her — er würde sie gerne sehen/er hätte sie gerne gesehen

    4) (request)
    II 1. noun
    1) (faculty) Wille, der

    freedom of the will — Willensfreiheit, die

    have a will of one's own — [s]einen eigenen Willen haben

    an iron will, a will of iron — ein eiserner Wille

    2) (Law): (testament) Testament, das
    3) (desire)

    will to live — Lebenswille, der

    against one's/somebody's will — gegen seinen/jemandes Willen

    of one's own [free] will — aus freien Stücken

    do something with a willetwas mit großem Eifer od. Elan tun

    where there's a will there's a way(prov.) wo ein Wille ist, ist auch ein Weg

    with the best will in the world — bei allem Wohlwollen; in neg. clause beim besten Willen

    2. transitive verb

    will oneself to do something — sich zwingen, etwas zu tun

    * * *
    will1
    <would, would>
    [wɪl]
    1. (in future tense) werden
    we \will be at the airport wir werden am Flughafen sein
    do you think he \will come? glaubst du, dass er kommt?
    so we'll be in Glasgow by lunchtime wir sind also um die Mittagszeit [herum] in Glasgow
    I'll be with you in a minute ich bin sofort bei Ihnen
    it won't be easy es wird nicht leicht sein
    by the time we get there, Jim \will have left bis wir dort ankommen, ist Jim schon weg
    you'll have forgotten all about it by next week nächste Woche wirst du alles vergessen haben; (in immediate future)
    we'll be off now wir fahren jetzt
    I'll be going then ich gehe dann
    I'll answer the telephone ich gehe ans Telefon
    2. (with tag question)
    you won't forget to tell him, \will you? du vergisst aber nicht, es ihm zu sagen, oder?
    they'll have got home by now, won't they? sie müssten mittlerweile zu Hause sein, nicht?
    3. (expressing intention)
    sb \will do sth jd wird etw tun
    I \will always love you ich werde dich immer lieben
    I'll make up my own mind about that ich werde mir meine eigene Meinung darüber bilden
    I'll not be spoken to like that! ich dulde nicht, dass man so mit mir redet!
    I won't have him ruining the party ich werde nicht zulassen, dass er die Party verdirbt
    4. (in requests, instructions)
    \will you give me her address, please? würden Sie mir bitte ihre Adresse geben?
    \will you stop that! hör sofort damit auf!
    \will you let me speak! würdest du mich bitte ausreden lassen!
    you'll do it because I say so du tust es, weil ich es dir sage!
    hang on a second, \will you? bleiben Sie bitte einen Moment dran!
    just pass me that knife, \will you? gib mir doch bitte mal das Messer rüber, ja?
    give me a hand, \will you? sei so nett und hilf mir mal
    \will you sit down? setzen Sie sich doch!
    won't you come in? möchten Sie nicht hereinkommen?
    won't you have some cake? möchten Sie nicht etwas Kuchen?
    5. (expressing willingness)
    who'll post this letter for me? — I \will wer kann den Brief für mich einwerfen? — ich [kann es]
    anyone like to volunteer for this job? — we \will! meldet sich jemand freiwillig für diese Arbeit? — ja, wir!
    I keep asking him to play with me, but he won't ich frage ihn ständig, ob er mit mir spielt, aber er will nicht
    6. (not functioning)
    the car won't start das Auto springt nicht an
    the door won't open die Tür geht nicht auf
    fruit \will keep longer in the fridge Obst hält sich im Kühlschrank länger
    new products \will always sell better neue Produkte verkaufen sich einfach besser
    that won't make any difference das macht keinen Unterschied
    the car won't run without petrol ohne Benzin fährt der Wagen nicht
    8. (expressing persistence)
    accidents \will happen Unfälle passieren nun einmal
    he \will keep doing that er hört einfach nicht damit auf
    they \will keep sending me those brochures sie senden mir immer noch diese Broschüren
    9. (expressing likelihood)
    that'll be Scott das wird Scott sein
    I expect you'll be wanting your supper ich nehme an, du möchtest dein Abendbrot [haben]
    as you \will all probably know already,... wie Sie vermutlich schon alle wissen,...
    II. vi ( form) wollen
    as you \will wie du willst
    do what you \will with me machen Sie mit mir, was Sie wollen
    will2
    [wɪl]
    I. n
    1. no pl (faculty) Wille m
    to do sth with a \will etw mit großem Eifer tun
    everyone heaved with a \will to get the car out of the mud alle hoben kräftig mit an, um das Auto aus dem Schlamm zu befreien
    to have an iron \will [or a \will of iron] einen eisernen Willen haben
    only with a \will of iron nur mit eisernem [o einem eisernen] Willen
    strength of \will Willensstärke f
    political \will politischer Wille
    to have the \will to do sth den [festen] Willen haben, etw zu tun
    to lose the \will to live den Lebenswillen verlieren
    2. no pl (desire) Wille m
    Thy \will be done REL Dein Wille geschehe
    to be the \will of sb [or sb's \will] jds Wille sein
    it was God's \will [that...] es war Gottes Wille[, dass...]
    against sb's \will gegen jds Willen
    at \will nach Belieben
    they were able to come and go at \will sie konnten kommen und gehen, wann sie wollten
    an actor has to be able to cry at \will ein Schauspieler muss auf Kommando weinen können
    3. LAW letzter Wille, Testament nt
    she remembered you in her \will sie hat dich in ihrem Testament bedacht
    holograph \will handgeschriebenes Testament
    nuncupative \will mündliches Zeugentestament
    the reading of the \will die Testamentsverlesung
    to change one's \will sein Testament ändern
    to draw up/make a \will ein Testament aufsetzen/machen
    4.
    with the best \will in the world beim besten Willen
    to have a \will of one's own einen eigenen Willen haben
    where there's a \will, there's a way ( saying) wo ein Wille ist, ist auch ein Weg prov
    II. vt
    1. (try to cause by will power)
    to \will sb to do sth jdn [durch Willenskraft] dazu bringen, etw zu tun
    I was \willing you to win ich habe mir ganz fest gewünscht, dass du gewinnst
    to \will oneself to do sth sich akk dazu zwingen, etw zu tun
    2. ( form: ordain)
    to \will sth etw bestimmen [o verfügen]
    God \willed it and it was so Gott hat es so gewollt und so geschah es
    to \will sb sth [or sth to sb] jdm etw vererben [o [testamentarisch] vermachen]
    * * *
    I [wɪl] pret would
    1. modal aux vb
    1) (future) werden

    I'm sure that he will come — ich bin sicher, dass er kommt

    you will come to see us, won't you? — Sie kommen uns doch besuchen, ja?

    I'll be right there — komme sofort!, bin gleich da!

    I will have finished by Tuesdaybis Dienstag bin ich fertig

    you won't lose it, will you? — du wirst es doch nicht verlieren, oder?

    you won't insist on that, will you? – oh yes, I will — Sie bestehen doch nicht darauf, oder? – o doch! or o ja! or doch, doch!

    2)

    (emphatic, expressing determination, compulsion etc) I will not have it! — das dulde ich nicht, das kommt mir nicht infrage or in Frage (inf)

    will you be quiet! — willst du jetzt wohl ruhig sein!, bist du or sei jetzt endlich ruhig!

    3) (expressing willingness, consent etc) wollen

    he won't sign — er unterschreibt nicht, er will nicht unterschreiben

    wait a moment, will you? — warten Sie einen Moment, ja bitte?; (impatiently) jetzt warte doch mal einen Moment!

    will she, won't she? — ob sie wohl...?

    4)

    (in questions) will you have some more tea? — möchten Sie noch Tee?

    there isn't any tea, will coffee do? — es ist kein Tee da, darf es auch Kaffee sein? or tut es Kaffee auch? (inf)

    5)

    (insistence) well, if he will drive so fast — also, wenn er (eben) unbedingt so schnell fahren muss

    well, if you won't take advice — wenn du (eben) keinen Rat annimmst, na bitte

    6)

    (assumption) he'll be there by now — jetzt ist er schon da, jetzt dürfte er schon da sein

    was that the doorbell? that will be for you — hats geklingelt? – das ist bestimmt für dich or das wird or dürfte für dich sein

    this will be our bus —

    this will be the one you want — das dürfte (es) wohl sein, was Sie wünschen

    7)

    (tendency) the solution will turn red if... — die Lösung färbt sich rot, wenn...

    8)

    (capability) will the engine start now? — springt der Motor jetzt an?

    2. vi
    wollen

    say what you will — du kannst sagen, was du willst

    as you will! —

    it is, if you will, a kind of mystery — das ist, wenn du so willst, eine Art Rätsel

    II
    1. n
    1) Wille m

    to have a will of one's own — einen eigenen Willen haben; (hum) so seine Mucken haben (inf)

    the will to win/live — der Wille or das Bestreben, zu gewinnen/zu leben, der Sieges-/Lebenswille

    (to go) against one's/sb's will — gegen seinen/jds Willen (handeln)

    at will — nach Belieben, nach Lust und Laune, beliebig

    of one's own free will — aus freien Stücken, aus freiem Willen

    where there is a will there is a way (Prov) — wo ein Wille ist, ist auch ein Weg

    to do sb's will (dated) to have one's will (dated) Thy will be done — jdm seinen Willen tun seinen Kopf durchsetzen Dein Wille geschehe

    See:
    2) (= testament) Letzter Wille, Testament nt

    the last will and testament of... — der Letzte Wille or das Testament des/der...

    2. vt
    1) (old: ordain) wollen, bestimmen, verfügen (geh)
    2) (= urge by willpower) (durch Willenskraft) erzwingen

    to will sb to do sth — jdn durch die eigene Willensanstrengung dazu bringen, dass er etw tut

    he willed himself to stay awake — er hat sich (dazu) gezwungen, wach zu bleiben

    3) (by testament) (testamentarisch) vermachen, vererben (sth to sb jdm etw)
    3. vi
    wollen
    * * *
    will1 [wıl] inf und imp fehlen, 1. und 3. sg präs will, 2. sg präs (you) will, obs (thou) wilt [wılt], pl will, prät would [wʊd], 2. sg prät obs (thou) wouldst [wʊdst], pperf obs wold [wəʊld], would
    A v/aux
    they will see very soon sie werden bald sehen
    2. wollen, werden, willens sein zu:
    will you pass me the bread, please? würden Sie mir bitte das Brot reichen;
    won’t you sit down nehmen Sie doch bitte Platz;
    I will not go there again ich gehe da nicht mehr hin;
    I will not stand such nonsense! ich dulde solchen Unfug nicht!;
    will do! umg wird gemacht!
    3. (immer, bestimmt, unbedingt) werden (oft unübersetzt):
    people will talk die Leute reden immer;
    accidents will happen Unfälle wird es immer geben;
    you will get in my light! du musst mir natürlich (immer) im Licht stehen!; academic.ru/8546/boy">boy A 1
    4. (zur Bezeichnung einer Erwartung, Vermutung oder Annahme) werden:
    you will not have forgotten her du wirst sie nicht vergessen haben;
    they will have gone now sie werden oder dürften jetzt (wohl) gegangen sein;
    this will be about right das wird oder dürfte ungefähr stimmen
    5. (in Vorschriften etc) besonders MIL müssen
    B v/i & v/t wollen, wünschen:
    come when you will komm, wann du willst!;
    as you will wie du willst; will2 B, C
    will2 [wıl]
    A s
    1. Wille m ( auch PHIL): impose A 2
    2. Wille(nskraft) m(f):
    a weak will ein schwacher Wille
    3. Wille m, Wollen n:
    against one’s will gegen seinen Willen;
    at will nach Belieben oder Laune oder Lust;
    where there’s a will there’s a way (Sprichwort) wo ein Wille ist, ist auch ein Weg;
    of one’s own (free) will aus freien Stücken;
    with a will mit Lust und Liebe, mit Macht;
    I can’t do that with the best will in the world ich kann das (auch) beim besten Willen nicht tun;
    have one’s will seinen Willen haben;
    take the will for the deed den guten Willen für die Tat nehmen; tenancy 1
    4. Wille m, Wunsch m, Befehl m:
    Thy will be done BIBEL Dein Wille geschehe
    5. Wille m, (Be)Streben n:
    have the will to do sth den Willen haben oder bestrebt sein, etwas zu tun;
    the will to live der Lebenswille;
    will to win SPORT Siegeswille;
    will to peace Friedenswille;
    will to power Machtwille, -streben
    6. Wille m, Gesinnung f (jemandem gegenüber):
    good will guter Wille;
    I don’t bear him any ill will ich trage ihm nichts nach; goodwill
    7. meist;
    last will and testament JUR Testament n, Letzter Wille, letztwillige Verfügung:
    make one’s will sein Testament machen;
    I was left £5,000 in her will sie hat mir 5000 Pfund hinterlassen
    B v/t 2. sg präs will, obs (thou) willest [ˈwılıst], 3. sg präs wills, obs willeth [ˈwılıθ], prät und pperf willed [wıld]
    1. wollen, entscheiden:
    God wills ( oder willeth) it Gott will es
    2. ernstlich oder fest wollen
    3. jemanden (durch Willenskraft) zwingen ( to do zu tun):
    will o.s. into sich zwingen zu
    4. JUR (letztwillig oder testamentarisch)
    a) verfügen
    b) vermachen:
    5.;
    will sb on SPORT jemanden zum Sieg treiben
    C v/i wollen
    * * *
    I 1.
    [wɪl]transitive verb, only in pres. will, neg. (coll.) won't [wəʊnt], past would [wʊd], neg. (coll.) wouldn't [wʊdnt]
    1) (consent to) wollen

    They won't help me. Will/Would you? — Sie wollen mir nicht helfen. Bist du bereit?

    you will help her, won't you? — du hilfst ihr doch od. du wirst ihr doch helfen, nicht wahr?

    will/would you pass the salt, please? — gibst du bitte mal das Salz rüber?/würdest du bitte mal das Salz rübergeben?

    will/would you come in? — kommen Sie doch herein

    now just listen, will you! — jetzt hör/hört gefälligst zu!

    will you be quiet! — willst du/wollt ihr wohl ruhig sein!

    he will sit there hour after hour — er pflegt dort stundenlang zu sitzen; (emphatic)

    children 'will make a noise — Kinder machen [eben] Lärm

    ..., as young people 'will —..., wie alle jungen Leute [es tun]

    he 'will insist on doing it — er besteht unbedingt darauf, es zu tun

    3) (wish) wollen

    will you have some more cake?möchtest od. willst du noch etwas Kuchen?

    do as/what you will — mach, was du willst

    call it what [ever] you will — nenn es, wie du willst

    would to God that... — wollte Gott, dass...

    the box will hold 5 lb. of tea — in die Kiste gehen 5 Pfund Tee

    2. auxiliary verb, forms as
    I
    1) expr. simple future werden

    one more cherry, and I will have eaten a pound — noch eine Kirsche und ich habe ein Pfund gegessen

    2) expr. intention

    I promise I won't do it again — ich verspreche, ich machs nicht noch mal

    You won't do that, will you? - Oh yes, I will! — Du machst es doch nicht, oder? - Doch[, ich machs]!

    will do(coll.) wird gemacht; mach ich (ugs.)

    3) in conditional clause

    if he tried, he would succeed — wenn er es versuchen würde, würde er es schaffen

    he would like/would have liked to see her — er würde sie gerne sehen/er hätte sie gerne gesehen

    II 1. noun
    1) (faculty) Wille, der

    freedom of the will — Willensfreiheit, die

    have a will of one's own — [s]einen eigenen Willen haben

    an iron will, a will of iron — ein eiserner Wille

    2) (Law): (testament) Testament, das

    will to live — Lebenswille, der

    against one's/somebody's will — gegen seinen/jemandes Willen

    of one's own [free] will — aus freien Stücken

    where there's a will there's a way(prov.) wo ein Wille ist, ist auch ein Weg

    with the best will in the world — bei allem Wohlwollen; in neg. clause beim besten Willen

    2. transitive verb

    will oneself to do something — sich zwingen, etwas zu tun

    * * *
    v.
    vermachen v.
    wollen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: wollte, gewollt) aux.
    werden (Zukunft) aux. n.
    Wille nur sing. m.

    English-german dictionary > will

  • 20 want

    wont
    1. verb
    1) (to be interested in having or doing, or to wish to have or do (something); to desire: Do you want a cigarette?; She wants to know where he is; She wants to go home.) querer; desear
    2) (to need: This wall wants a coat of paint.) necesitar, precisar, requerir
    3) (to lack: This house wants none of the usual modern features but I do not like it; The people will want (= be poor) no longer.) carecer (de); pasar miseria/necesidad

    2. noun
    1) (something desired: The child has a long list of wants.) deseo
    2) (poverty: They have lived in want for many years.) pobreza, miseria
    3) (a lack: There's no want of opportunities these days.) falta, ausencia; escasez
    - want ad
    - want for

    want1 n falta / necesidad
    want2 vb
    1. querer
    what do you want to do? ¿qué quieres hacer?
    2. necesitar
    3. deber
    you don't want to do it like that! ¡no deberías hacerlo así!
    wanted se busca / se necesita
    tr[wɒnt]
    1 (lack) falta, carencia
    2 (desire, need) necesidad nombre femenino
    3 (poverty) miseria, indigencia
    1 (gen) querer
    what do you want to drink? ¿qué quieres beber?
    how much do you want for the bike? ¿cuánto pides por la bici?
    what more do you want? ¿qué más quieres?
    2 familiar (need) necesitar
    4 formal use (lack) necesitar, carecer de, faltar
    5 (require to be present) buscar, requerir la presencia de; (seek, hunt) buscar
    6 (desire) desear, querer
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be in want estar necesitado,-a
    not to want to know (about something) no querer saber nada de algo
    to want some doing exigir mucho esfuerzo
    want ad SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL anuncio pequeño
    want ['wɑnt, 'wɔnt] vt
    1) lack: faltar
    2) require: requerir, necesitar
    3) desire: querer, desear
    want n
    1) lack: falta f
    2) destitution: indigencia f, miseria f
    3) desire, need: deseo m, necesidad f
    v.
    carecer v.
    carecer de v.
    desear v.
    estar necesitado v.
    faltar v.
    necesitar v.
    querer v.
    (§pret: quis-) fut/c: querr-•)
    n.
    apuro s.m.
    carencia s.f.
    carestía s.f.
    deseo s.m.
    escasez s.f.
    falta s.f.
    laceria s.f.
    menester s.m.
    necesidad s.f.
    pobreza s.f.

    I
    1. wɔːnt, wɒnt
    1)
    a) (require, desire) querer*

    (it's) just what I('ve) always wanted! — (set phrase) (es) justo lo que quería!

    the boss wants youel jefe te quiere ver or quiere hablar contigo

    he's wanted on the phone — hay una llamada para él, lo llaman por teléfono

    does he want the book back? — ¿quiere que le devuelvan (or le devolvamos etc) el libro?

    to want to + INF — querer* + inf

    to want somebody/something to + INF — querer* que alguien/algo (+ subj)

    what do you want me to do? — ¿qué quieres que haga?

    to want somebody/something -ING — querer* que alguien/algo (+ subj)

    b) \<\<police\>\> buscar*

    he is wanted for murder/for questioning — lo buscan por asesinato/para interrogarlo

    how much does she want for the picture? — ¿cuánto pide por el cuadro?

    d) \<\<person\>\> ( sexually) desear
    2) ( need) necesitar

    gardener wantedse necesita or se precisa jardinero


    2.
    vi ( lack) (frml) (usu with neg)

    you/they will want for nothing — no te/les faltará nada


    II
    1) c u (requirement, need) necesidad f

    to be in want of something — tener* necesidad de algo

    2) u (lack, absence) falta f, carencia f (frml)

    if she doesn't become champion, it won't be for want of trying — si no llega a ser campeona, no será porque no lo haya intentado

    3) u (destitution, penury) miseria f, indigencia f
    [wɒnt]
    1. VT
    1) (=desire, wish for)

    I want my mummy! — ¡quiero que venga mi mamá!

    I don't want you interfering! — ¡no quiero que te entrometas!

    I've always wanted a car like this — siempre he querido un coche como este

    we only want the best/what's best for you — solo queremos lo mejor para ti

    what do you want for your birthday? — ¿qué quieres por tu cumpleaños?

    what I want from a computer is... — lo que quiero de un ordenador es...

    she was everything he wanted in a woman — era todo lo que él quería en una mujer

    food was the last thing I wanted — comida era lo último que quería

    I know when I'm not wanted — sé muy bien cuando sobro or estoy de más

    where do you want the table? — ¿dónde quieres que pongamos la mesa?

    what does he want with/of me? — ¿qué quiere de mí?

    I want my son alivequiero a mi hijo vivo

    you want her back, don't you? — quieres que vuelva, ¿no?

    I want him dead! — ¡lo quiero muerto!

    I want her sacked! — ¡quiero que se la despida!, ¡quiero que la despidan!

    the last thing we want is for them to feel obliged to help — lo último que queremos es que se sientan obligados a ayudar

    without wanting to sound big-headed, I think I'll succeed — no quiero parecer engreído pero pienso que voy a tener éxito

    I wouldn't want to hurt their feelings/cause them any problems — no quisiera herir sus sentimientos/causarles ningún problema

    2) (=ask for) [+ money] querer, pedir

    she wants £500 for the car — quiere or pide 500 libras por el coche

    how much do you want for it? — ¿cuánto quiere or pide?

    you don't want much!iro ¡anda que no pides nada! iro

    3) (=seek) [police] buscar

    wanted: general maid — se necesita asistenta

    he is wanted for robbery — se le busca por robo

    you're wanted in the kitchen — te buscan en la cocina

    you're wanted on the phone — te llaman al teléfono

    4) (=need, require) [person] necesitar

    children want lots of sleeplos niños necesitan or requieren muchas horas de sueño

    this car wants cleaning — a este coche le hace falta una limpieza, a este coche hay que limpiarlo

    that's the last thing I want! * — ¡solo me faltaba eso! *

    you want to be more careful when you're driving — tienes que tener más cuidado al conducir

    you want to see his new boat! — ¡tienes que ver su nuevo barco!

    what you want is a good hiding — lo que necesitas or te hace falta es una buena paliza *

    what do you want with a house that size? — ¿para qué quieres una casa tan grande?

    5) (=lack)

    the contract wants only her signature — al contrato solo le falta su firma

    2. VI
    1) (=wish, desire) querer

    I want for you to be happy — (US) quiero que seas feliz

    2) (=lack)

    they will not want for money or food — no les faltará ni dinero ni comida

    waste 3., 1)
    3. N
    1) (=lack) falta f

    for want of sth — (at beginning of clause) a falta de algo; (at end of clause) por falta de algo

    for want of anything better to do, I decided to go home — a falta de algo mejor que hacer, decidí irme a casa

    for want of a better word — a/por falta de una palabra más apropiada

    he never did become a minister, but it was not for want of trying — nunca llegó a ministro, pero no fue por falta de intentarlo

    2) (=need) necesidad f

    she had servants to attend to her every want — tenía sirvientes que atendían todas y cada una de sus necesidades

    my wants are fewnecesito poco

    to be in want of sth — necesitar algo

    3) (=poverty) necesidad f, penuria f

    to be in want — estar necesitado

    to live in want — pasar necesidades, vivir en la penuria

    4.
    CPD

    want ad * N(US) anuncio m clasificado

    * * *

    I
    1. [wɔːnt, wɒnt]
    1)
    a) (require, desire) querer*

    (it's) just what I('ve) always wanted! — (set phrase) (es) justo lo que quería!

    the boss wants youel jefe te quiere ver or quiere hablar contigo

    he's wanted on the phone — hay una llamada para él, lo llaman por teléfono

    does he want the book back? — ¿quiere que le devuelvan (or le devolvamos etc) el libro?

    to want to + INF — querer* + inf

    to want somebody/something to + INF — querer* que alguien/algo (+ subj)

    what do you want me to do? — ¿qué quieres que haga?

    to want somebody/something -ING — querer* que alguien/algo (+ subj)

    b) \<\<police\>\> buscar*

    he is wanted for murder/for questioning — lo buscan por asesinato/para interrogarlo

    how much does she want for the picture? — ¿cuánto pide por el cuadro?

    d) \<\<person\>\> ( sexually) desear
    2) ( need) necesitar

    gardener wantedse necesita or se precisa jardinero


    2.
    vi ( lack) (frml) (usu with neg)

    you/they will want for nothing — no te/les faltará nada


    II
    1) c u (requirement, need) necesidad f

    to be in want of something — tener* necesidad de algo

    2) u (lack, absence) falta f, carencia f (frml)

    if she doesn't become champion, it won't be for want of trying — si no llega a ser campeona, no será porque no lo haya intentado

    3) u (destitution, penury) miseria f, indigencia f

    English-spanish dictionary > want

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